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The phenomenon of bending of light and spreading into geometrical shadow after passing through obstacle or slits is called diffraction. The diffraction pattern can be obtained on the screen when width of slit is equivalent to wavelength of light. The bright and the dark fringes obtained on the screen due to diffraction are called secondary maxima and minima. Types of diffraction: On the basis of arrangement of device used, there are two types of diffraction. They are: 1. Fresnel's diffraction: The diffraction which is obtained due to the source slits and screen at a finite distance is called fresnel’s diffraction. In this diffraction, the wave front is spherical. So, diffraction pattern obtained on the screen are quite complex. 2.Fraunhoffer’s diffraction: The diffraction which is obtained due to the source slits and screen at infinite distance is called fraunhoffer’s diffraction. In this diffraction, the wave front is plane. So, diffraction pattern obtained on the sc...
The Largest Structure in the Universe that you are referring to is known as the "Sloan Great Wall," and it is a vast supercluster of galaxies located in the constellation Pisces. The supercluster was discovered in 2003 by a team of astronomers using data from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey, and it is thought to be the largest known structure in the universe. The supercluster consists of 830 separate galaxies that are contained within four connected galaxy clusters. It stretches across an estimated distance of 1 billion light years and is thought to contain the mass of about 500 trillion suns. The Sloan Great Wall is so large that it takes light billions of years to traverse it, meaning that we are observing it as it was when the universe was much younger. The discovery of the Sloan Great Wall has provided important insights into the structure and evolution of the universe. Credits: NASA, ESA, Images by Science Photo Library
This is the mathematics formulae book for class 12 students. Here, we have covered all the formulae needed to solve the questions of Mathematics. Permutation The total arrangement of total objects taken some or all at a time is called permutation. The permutation of 'n' objects taken 'r' at a time is denoted by $^np_{r}$ and is defined by; 1. $^np_{r}=\frac{n!}{(n-r)!}$ 2. Permutation of an object, all different;$$=\frac{n!}{p!\,q!\,r!}$$ where, n=total objects p=repetition of first kind q=repetition of second kind r=repetition of third kind 3. Circular permutation= $(n-1)!$ 4. If clockwise and anticlockwise arrangement are not distinguishable [necklace of beads and beads into bracelet]; Total number of permutation=$\frac{(n-1)!}{2}$ Combination The selection of total objects taken some or all at a time is called combination. The combination of 'n objects taken 'r' at a time is denoted by $^nc_{r} \, or \, c(n,r)$ and defined by; $$^nc_{r}=\frac{n!}{(n-r)!...
Welcome to www.sujitpk.com.np , your premier online hub for accessing top-notch calculus notes! Whether you're a student grappling with derivatives and integrals, a math enthusiast looking to expand your knowledge, or a professional in need of a calculus refresher, this website is the ultimate resource for you. Explore a vast collection of meticulously prepared calculus notes covering topics such as limits, differentiation, integration, and more. With a simple click, you can download these comprehensive notes and embark on a journey towards mastering calculus. Calculus Download Calculus Notes for BSC First Year in PDF format. Chapter 1: Tangents and Normals Tangents and Normals Chapter 2: Higher Order Derivatives and Mean Value Theorems Higher Order Derivatives Mean Value Theorems Chapter 3: Application of Derivatives Indeterminant Forms Asymptotes Tracing of Curves Curvature Chapter 4: Partial Differentiations and Maxima and Minim...
1. Having discussed the need for the modification of the perfect gas equation, establish the van der Waals’ equation of state for a real gas. With the help of this equation, derive an expression for one of the critical constants. [7+3] OR Write down the postulates regarding to Fermi-Dirac statistics. Derive an expression for the probability distribution of particles obeying Fermi-Dirac statistics. Explain electron gas in a metal. [2+6+2] 2. Establish Clausius-Clapeyron’s latent heat equation starting from Maxwell’s thermodynamic relation. Explain the significance of this equation. [5+3] 3. Answer any one question. [3] (a) What is Gibbs free energy? Show that Gibbs free energy remains constant in an isothermal-isobaric process. (b) The change in temperature for the van der Waals’ gas due to Joule-Thomson effect is given by $dT=\frac{p_1-p_2}{c_p}(\frac{2...
